Brutus is the Tragic Hero in Shakespeares Julius Caesar Essay

The tragedy Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare should be renamed Brutus because Caesar is not the tragic hero. He is just in a small portion of the play and does not possess a major tragic flaw however Marcus Brutus fits the description of tragic hero much bettor than Julius Caesar. Typically, tragedies are named after the tragic hero, which Aristotle describes as a person of noble birth with a tragic flaw that leads to his or her d letfall because of that flaw. Brutus exhibits all of these qualities, indeed rightfully naming him a tragic hero.Brutus was a man of noble birth. He had multiple servants and was often referred to as Lord, which indicates a certain train of respect for him. He was a very highly thought of person in Rome. At no point did he ever betray anyone, although he did kill Caesar, he did it to better Rome, not to mislead him. Everything he did was for the advantage of someone else. Even after Brutus dies, Marc Antony says This was the noblest roman of them a ll all the conspirators, save only he, did that they did in the envy of Caesar he only in a general honest thought and common good to all... This shows that regardless of brutus killing Caesar, he is nevertheless considered noble because he had good intentions. Brutus was also the best friend of Julius Caesar, the most powerful man in Rome. Had he been a commoner, Caesar most likely would not have associated with him or trusted him as a friend.Brutuss tragic flaw is that he is very easily manipulated and persuaded. He is very nave and allows others to shirk him because he feels that no one would ever lie or deceive him since he didnt do that to anyone. His first mis lock is believing the forged letter from the conspirators. This was all ... ... too late to do anything about it. So, he kills himself. He did this because he realized what he had done and felt he needed to take accountability. Before he died, he says Caesar, now be still, I killed not thee with half so good a will. H e is now realizing that he unfeignedly didnt have as good a reason as he thought to kill Caesar. In conclusion, Brutus is the real tragic hero because end-to-end the play he is battling himself over good vs. evil. Even though he has tragic flaws he is still seen as a noble and respected embark in Rome both by those who wanted Caesar dead and those who did not. His ability to be easily manipulated led to the death of Caesar, himself, and countless others. If he had made his proclaim decisions, he would not have ended up causing the chaos and tragedy he did. But, on the other hand he did have his own personal reasons for killing Caesar.

Experimental Training Program: Wilderness/adventure Learning :: essays research papers

Experimental Training Program Wilderness/Adventure Learning     Training employees is a fundamental element of a corporations success. Acompany succeeds only as well as the people running it can perform. Thistraining process can cover many skills and go into many areas of expertise. Onekey element that has only recently come into action is an outdoor- basedexperiential training program.     Commonly called "ropes courses," wilderness courses or stakelearning programs have been in use in the USA since the early 1980s, and byorganizations in the UK since the early 1970s. Outdoor programs have been mostbeneficial when use to promote effective work teams and used to enhance leadinghip and management skills in the participants. Outdoor- based trainingprograms seem to accomplish these objectives by allowing participants to developa high level of trust in their peers, improve their problem-solving ability, andgenerally improve the level of interpersonal communications between groupmembers.     Companies are looking for leadership that can launch them into a new era.Constant improvement is necessary to meet the growth of challenging competition.So who defines leadership? What is a leader and how would you upraise these skillsthat may be laying dormant in your subordinates?Organizations need great leaders to help them successfully survive themany difficulties of this decade. Yet, the very notion of leadership has rapidlydegenerated into a clich, a buzz word. In many peoples minds, leadership hasbecome identified with an overly simplistic conception of vision and empowerment.Although these concepts do spell an important role in the leadership process,they only scratch the surface of what an exceptional leader actually does on aday-to-day basis.What do leaders really do to make an organization work well? In my researchI found that great leaders exhibit nine antithetical kinds of behaviors that ena blethem to bring out the best in the people around them. Some of the nine behaviorsof leadership listed below involve building participatory teams, approximately involveusing "situational management strategies," while some others enhance personalresources. Listed separately, the nine behaviors includeDeveloping people.Being able to influence others.Encouraging teamwork.Empowering people.Using ninefold options thinking.Taking intelligent risks.Being passionate about work.Having a strong, clear vision.Stretching ones personal creativity.While many people think leaders are unique, even born to that state ofexcellence, I have found just the opposite. With proper experiential training,it is possible for people to learn these leadership behaviors. In other words,leaders can be developed. By all means they should be developed at many levelsin an organization because leadership in a hierarchical situation stimulates thebest in their followers and thereby increases overall product ivity.

I think that in Tennyson’s poems, The lady of Shalott and Mariana, Essa

I think that in Tennysons poems, The lady of Shalott and Mariana, the central female characters be presented to us in the way that Tennyson views women and their roles in society. ThereTennyson had great sympathy for women and the ways in which theirlives were restricted.Write the ways in which Tennyson presents the lives of women in somepoems you fix read.I think that in Tennysons poems, The lady of Shalott and Mariana,the central female characters are presented to us in the way thatTennyson views women and their roles in society. There are somesimilarities and differences in both poems with how the female behaveand live.In The lady of Shalott the female lives in a tower, trapped andcursed, until she hears Lancelot coming. The lady is spinning tapestryand not sounding out of the window at the outside world, yet towardsthe end of the poem she gets distracted and wants to see Lancelot forherself. The tapestry is an important symbol in the poem its theonly world that the lady lives in and this is still just otherpeoples lives that she sees through the mirror.This poem reflects the political turmoil that women faced in the yearin which it was written. The lady is presented to us as being trappedand helpless. She has been introduced to us sat in this tower and herlife seems desperate and lonely shes waiting for a knight to save herwhilst she is trapped away from the world. This poem reveals a lotabout the Victorian concept of hunch over and women. The lady in the poemembodies the true Victorian image of the ideal woman virginal,embowered, innocent and obedient, also dedicated to her tasks.In Tennysons other poem, Mariana, there isnt a development of an... ...estry flies out of the window (How she saw the world before)and the mirror cracks (Her previous nave perspective that she had ofthe world). The lady of Shalott cannot handle unrequited love and thereality of a harsh world so she kills herself.In the poem there is magical symbolism, this has human signific ance orwhen the Moon was overhead, Came two girlish lovers lately wed I amhalf sick of shadows, said the lady of Shalott. Tennyson writesabout females lost in half-life, which results in people takingdecisive, noble-minded action that leads to their doom.Tennyson brings attention to rhymes by making most of the lines stop,and the flow of words is brought to a halt by punctuation. The strongemphasis on rhymes gives the poem the intuitive feeling of an ancient tale, whennews was carried from town to town by word of mouth and rhyming aidedmemorization.

African American Hardships Essay -- African American Studies

Afri faeces American HardshipsDuring pre-colonial African kinship and inheritance, it provided the bases of organization of umpteen African American communities. African American men were recognized for the purpose of inheritance. They also inherited their clan names based on their accomplishments, as comfortably as other things when one decease. Land was not owned in many parts of Africa during the pre-colonial period. It was yet held and distributed by African American men. Access to the consume by women depended on their obligations or duties within the gendered division of labor. Agriculture was the job of many African women. Men believed in having several wives that would all work in concert as farm workers and do whatever duties necessary as required.Africa is considered to be a multi-lingual country. There argon eleven officially recognized languages their, many of which are often spoken but not widespread. English is generally understood across the country. It is one of th e eleven common spoken languages but it only ranks fifth out of the eleven spoken languages. During the 15th and the 19th century, major changes had happened to the African and North American continents. Europeans ventured to Africa where they began a trans-Atlantic slave trade. Many Africans were taken as excuse people and then forced into slavery in South America, the Caribbean and North America. This slave trade had brought about a different type of racism. It was the color of your pare down that determined whether a person would be a free citizen or be enslaved for life. This slave trade also devastated African lives and their heritage.Some slaves were sold and traded more than than once, often in a slave market. Families were torn apart, children hysterically cried while t... ...t units to serve in the civil struggle. Most blacks did not care about what the issues of the war was. They joined because it provided a better income which was an alternative way of making money c ompared to the poorly paid domestic labor that most blacks had endure. The civil war resulted in the 13th Amendment of the Constitution which abolished slavery all together. Although black soldiers fought in the war which eventually ended slavery, they still did not have civil rights. The whites did not penury to share political power with African Americans. This had brought about the 14th and 15th Amendments to the Constitution. African Americans were now guaranteed civil rights. This change opened doors for African Americans so that they can progress and excel in the political system. Public schools were now established and access to jobs outside domestic labor was now available.

Aborted Aspirations in Pat Barkers Regeneration Essay -- Pat Barker R

Aborted Aspirations in Pat Barkers RegenerationPat Barkers riveting World War I novel Regeneration brilliantly exemplifies the effectiveness of fiction united with historical facts. While men aspired to gain glory from war and become heroes, Regeneration poignantly points out that not all of war was glorious. Rather, offspring soldiers found their aspirations prematurely aborted due to their bitter war experiences. The horrible mental and physical sicknesses, which plagued a number of soldiers, caused many men to withdraw from the battlefield. Feelings of guilt and humiliate haunted many soldiers as they found themselves removed from the heat of war. Men, however, were not the only individuals to experience such feelings during a time of historical upheaval. Women, too, found themselves at war at the dawn of a feminine revolution. One of the most contentious topics of the time was the practice of abortion, which comes to attention in chapter 17 on pages 202 and 203 of Barkers nove l. through with(predicate) Bakers ground-breaking novel, we learn how men and women alike discovered that in life, not all aspirations are realized in fact, in times of conflict, women and men both slope desperate situations, which have no definite solutions. Illustrated in Barkers novel by a young woman named Betty, and many broken soldiers, societys harsh judgments worsen the demanding circumstances already at hand.As men engaged in war overseas, women gained many opportunities in their every day life. New employment opportunities became come-at-able to women. In womens health, many new medical practices were conventionalized as well. One of the most pivotal medical advancements of the time was the commercialization of birth control (Marie halt). However, n... ...omen did or did not abort their unborn child varied, it can be inferred that social disgrace would result from whatever choice was made. The decisions we make today, can give life-long repercussions. Regeneration p oignantly points out that not all is fair in war, or life.Works CitedAbortion In Law, History & Religion. Childbirth By resource Trust. May 1995. 26 April 2004. <http//www.cbctrust.com/abortion.htmlBarker, Pat. Regeneration. New York Plume, 2003.Horden, Anthony. Legal Abortion The English Experience. New York Pergamon Press, 1971.Marie Stopes. Spartacus. 7 December 2001. 26 April 2004. <http//www.spartacus .schoolnet.co.uk/Wstopes.htmRaffel, Brian, Monica Borgone, Michael DAmbrosio and Rebecca Heydon. Abortion Around the World. 1999. 30 April 2004. <http//apdude0.tripod.com/abortionaroundtheworld/index.html

Aborted Aspirations in Pat Barkers Regeneration Essay -- Pat Barker R

Aborted Aspirations in Pat Barkers renewalPat Barkers riveting World War I novel Regeneration brilliantly exemplifies the effectiveness of fiction united with historical facts. While custody aspired to gain glory from war and become heroes, Regeneration poignantly points out that non all of war was glorious. Rather, young soldiers found their aspirations prematurely aborted due to their bitter war experiences. The horrible mental and physical sicknesses, which plagued a number of soldiers, caused many men to withdraw from the battlefield. Feelings of guilt and shame haunted many soldiers as they found themselves removed from the heat of war. Men, however, were not the only individuals to experience such feelings during a condemnation of historical upheaval. Women, too, found themselves at war at the dawn of a feminine revolution. One of the most contentious topics of the time was the practice of abortion, which comes to attention in chapter 17 on pages 202 and 203 of Barkers nove l. Through Bakers ground-breaking novel, we learn how men and women alike discovered that in life, not all aspirations are realized in fact, in time of conflict, women and men both face desperate situations, which have no definite solutions. Illustrated in Barkers novel by a young woman named Betty, and many busted soldiers, societys harsh judgments worsen the difficult circumstances already at hand.As men engaged in war overseas, women gained many opportunities in their every twenty-four hour period life. New employment opportunities became attainable to women. In womens health, many new medical practices were conventionalized as well. One of the most pivotal medical advancements of the time was the commercialisation of birth control (Marie Stopes). However, n... ...omen did or did not abort their unborn child varied, it can be inferred that social disgrace would result from whatever pick was made. The decisions we make today, can create life-long repercussions. Regeneration poignantly points out that not all is fair in war, or life.Works CitedAbortion In Law, narrative & Religion. Childbirth By Choice Trust. May 1995. 26 April 2004. <http//www.cbctrust.com/abortion.htmlBarker, Pat. Regeneration. New York Plume, 2003.Horden, Anthony. Legal Abortion The English Experience. New York Pergamon Press, 1971.Marie Stopes. Spartacus. 7 December 2001. 26 April 2004. <http//www.spartacus .schoolnet.co.uk/Wstopes.htmRaffel, Brian, Monica Borgone, Michael DAmbrosio and Rebecca Heydon. Abortion near the World. 1999. 30 April 2004. <http//apdude0.tripod.com/abortionaroundtheworld/index.html

Rural-Urban Linkages, Their Role in Sustainable Development

Although policy makers and the evolution community check widely used the phrase boorish development. The concept of agricultural development has changed significantly during the last 3 decades. Until the 1970s, agrarian development was synonymous with bucolic development and, hence, focused on increasing agricultural exertion. This focus seems to have been driven primarily by the interests of industrialization to extract surpluses from the agriculture sector to rein oblige industrialization.With the focus on increasing agricultural production, the express objective of most countries was to uphold sm solelyholder agriculture. Over time, this sm totallyholder agriculture-centric concept of untaught development underwent changes. By the early 1980s, according to Harris, the World Bank defined it as a strategy designed to improve the sparing and social life of a specific group of peoplethe bucolic poor. Four major factors appear to have influenced the change increased concer ns ab forth the persistent and deepening of boorish poverty changing views on the meaning of the concept of development itself emergence of a much diversified plain economy in which rural non-farm enterprises play an increasingly important role and increased recognition of the importance of reducing the non-income dimensions of poverty to discover sustainable improvements in the socio stinting puff up-being of the poor. The establishment of the Millennium Development Goals has significantly reinforced the concerns about non income poverty.With the paradigm shifts in economic development from harvest to broadly defined development, the concept of rural development has begun to be used in a broader sensation. It is in addition to a greater extent specific, as Harris noted in the sense that it focuses (in its rhetoric and in principle) particularly on poverty and ine grapheme. In more recent years, increased concerns on the environmental aspects of economic growth have also i nfluenced the changes. Todays concept of rural development is fundamentally different from that used about 3 or 4 decades ago.The concept now encompasses concerns that go well beyond improvements in growth, income, and output. The concerns include an assessment of changes in the quality of life, broadly defined to include improvement in health and nutrition, education, environmentally serious living conditions, and reduction in gender and income inequalities. Today there seems to be a universal consensus that the ultimate objective of rural development is to improve the quality of life of rural people. As the concept of rural development changed so has the focus and approach to tackling and planning for rural development also change.Thus as already explained, today rural development is an integrated concept that that requires an integrated approach to development . thus the focus now is on sustainable development hence an integrated sustainable rural development strategy is used to plan for rural development. However in order to successively design a strategy for integrated sustainable rural development, one must take into consideration rural-urban linkages because of the significant role it plays in sustainable rural development.Before effect with a discussion about the role that rural-urban linkages play in integrated rural sustainable development strategy, it may be necessary to define rural-urban linkages. In general, rural-urban linkages refers to the flow of (public and private) capital, people (migration, commuting) and sinceres and operate (trade) between rural and urban argonas. It is important to add to these three economic flows, the flow of ideas, innovation and information. These rural urban linkages could be expanded as * The movement of people between rural and urban households many of which are of circular nature.These include temporary migration(as in seasonal moves ) and trade union movement migration including weekly commuting * The mor e permanent migration of people from rural to urban areas and vice versa. * The movement of people operating from a single rural urban household as in daily commuting or school trips, shopping and short term visits. * The movement of resources such as money and remittances, commodities and serve. * on that point is also the more permanent type of linkages found mostly in infrastructure such as roads railway lines water and electricity telecom etc.Over the past few years, interest in the linkages between urban and rural areas has increased considerably. This is clear, for vitrine, from the activities of the United Nations. The Habitat Agenda, adopted at the indorse United Nations Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat II) in Istanbul in 1996, states that policies and programmes for the sustainable development of rural areas that integrate rural regions into the national economy require whole local anesthetic and national institutions for the lanning and management of human se ttlements that place emphasis on rural-urban linkages and treat villages and cities as two ends of a human settlements continuum. (UNCHS, 1997 93-94). however, Studies of rural urban linkages read that the nature of the linkages differs from one place to an separate and differs for different sectors in the same place. It is equally necessary to identify successful practices that promote local rural and urban development and alleviate poverty, using rural-urban linkages, and to build the capacity of rural and urban local governments to review, adapt and replicate such practices.The growing understanding and the pool of good practices should form the basis for capacity building of local governments. Among the above linkages the ,focus would be on the point 1 and 4 thats the migration and the economic exchange of goods and services and their implication on rural development . this is because they are among the important rural urban linkages necessary for integrated sustainable rural development. These would be dis cussed shortly. To mother with the economic exchange between urban and rural areas can be beneficial or detrimental to either or both areas . hus with economic think between rural and urban areas, the extent to which economic development in the one area benefits or obstructs economic development in the other area. For instance an exclusive focus on rural areas would result in an under-investment in urban areas and this would limit the growth of the urban sector and its ability to absorb the rural labour surplus. Likewise an exclusive focus on urban development would produce similar results, because it would accelerate rural-urban migration and reduce food production per capita (Richardson, 1987 210).Reardon (n. d. 8-9) distinguishes three constitutes in the development of rural non-farm sector and of rural-urban linkages During the first stage, rural non-farm activity tends to have a production or expenditure linkage with agriculture man countr y directly employs a large share of the rural race. hoidenish non-farm activity tends to centre on the countryside itself, with little dependence on rural-urban colligate. Rural non-farm activities are mainly topographic point-based and small-scale production of goods, mainly sold locally.During the first stage, agriculture tends to depend on local supplies of farm inputs and services and on local processing and dispersion of farm products, usually carried out by small to medium-scale firms. A greater mix of situations characterizes the second stage. The mix includes activities based on linkages with agriculture as well as on other, separate activities (e. g. tourism, mining and services), although the latter did grow out of a historical rural non-farm sector based on linkages with agriculture. The share of rural population dependent on farming is lower than during the first phase.Rural-urban links as the basis for rural non-farm employment have a greater charge than in firs t stage with nascent sub-contracting of rural companies by urban or foreign businesses and a rapid rise in the labour force commuting between the countryside and rural t testifys and intermediate cities. The third stage shows an intensification of the characteristics that differentiate the second stage from the first stage. There is a greater weight of urban-rural links manifested by the greater importance of more advanced forms of business linkages, such as subcontracting arrangements and labour commuting.A number of other tendencies also characterize this stage the expansion of subcontracting beyond light durables to medium durables. The great heterogeneity of the non-farm sector in rural areas implies that there is little scope for general, broad, policy prescriptions. This placard may well provide an important lesson for our thinking about the process of policy formulation. A wide variety of interventions may be required to promote the non-farm sector, each tailored to specifi c local conditions.Decentralized decision-making may be necessary mechanisms should be devised whereby local information flows upwards so that the localized bottlenecks are relieved and specific niches can be exploited (Lanjouw, 1999 9). From the above it can be realised that, rural-urban linkages can play an important role in economic development and poverty alleviation in urban and rural areas. However,it is important to recognize that the nature of the rural-urban linkages differs from one place to another and from one function to another.As Douglas (1998) has pointed out, a particular urban centre may play a crucial economic role for the surrounding rural areas in one respect, while the rural area may completely bypass that same urban centre and link directly to more distant urban centres and cities in other respects. It is, therefore, dangerous to generalize about the nature of rural-urban linkages and to base policy interventions on such generalizations. What is necessary is t he recognition of (a) the existence a regional economy as a reality, rrespective of administrative boundaries, and (b) the need to develop knowledge about such regional (i. e. sub-national) economies (World Bank, 2000). The development of this knowledge should be demand-driven, as urban and rural local governments come to recognize their shared interests and constraints. The political impetus for this process of knowledge development may be t decentralization. In order to distribute economic and social opportunities equitably, the Government should strengthen grassroots economies that can provide sustainable incomes for the rural population.The Government should establish economic clusters that link rural and urban areas, and the cluster-based economic development should be consistent with the economic potentials, preferences and functions of each area. Another important rural urban linkage that has immense implication for todays rural development is the rural urban migration. Thus the movement of people between rural and urban households . these include temporary migration and labour migration. Rural-urban migration reduces population pressure in the rural areas and, thereby, should improve economic conditions and reduce rural poverty.However, disparities between urban and rural areas in terms of income and employment and the availability of basic infrastructure and services persist. Urban areas offer more and better opportunities for socio-economic mobility of the poor and rural-urban migration, therefore, will continue. Labour migration could result in shortage of labour force for productivity in the rural areas which would intend result in low productivity and underdevelopment in the rural areas.Whereas the urban areas may not also be able to absorb the all the labour from the rural areas ,resulting in unemployment and increase in sanitation constitutes and government expenditure. it also increase population pressure in urban areas resulting in pressure o n the few social amenities in urban centres. in this case, rural urban migration has more adverse effect on rural development. In addition to the above, Circular and temporary migration is already a common pattern in many countries, but working and housing conditions in the urban areas may not always be conducive to this form of migration.Housing is often an acute problem for temporary migrants who prefer to rent rather than to own housing, because they feel that their home is in the rural areas. Temporary migrants are sometimes not entitled to urban services and this makes their life in the urban areas more difficult than necessary. Local governments and private employers in the urban areas should accept temporary rural-urban migration as inevitable and perhaps even as desirable, and they may consider measures to aid such forms of rural-urban migration.For instance, Remittances are a crucial component of rural households incomes and a key element of the continued links between mig rants and their home areas across all wealth groups. In northern Mali, migrants remittances have become probably the most important source of family cash, and are used for consumption and for the purchase of consumer goods such as radios and bicycles, but also for the purchase of agricultural inputs or for investment in livestock.In southeast Nigeria, it would be socially unacceptable for migrants not to send remittances and gifts pecuniary support to their parental households has greatly contributed to making young womens migration socially acceptable. Most importantly, remittances and gifts ensure that migrants can maintain a foothold in the home area, and that they will be welcome upon their return. Gaile (1992 134) argues that the problem is not urbanization as such, because the urban areas need to absorb the additional rural labour.The problem is that migrants have all a limited choice when migrating, because most local economic development occurs in one or a few large cities . He points out that the problem is really under-urbanization, i. e. the underdevelopment of the urban system. The major impediment to the working of the general market and the consequent development of a labour market is the undersupply of centres of sufficient minimal size to provide sites for market development. The above implies that in developing a strategy for sustainable rural development projects that encourages the bridging of gab between rural and urban areas should be considered.This would help reduce rural urban migration. Besides, major effort is required to ensure that the urban areas can absorb the growing urban population and that urbanization will not result in an urbanization of poverty. Small and medium-sized towns can play an important role in the urbanization process by absorbing rural-urban migrants. For instance Economic development in small towns can have a positive impact on the economy of the surrounding rural areas, if the increase in purchasing power resu lts in the purchase of agricultural and non-agricultural products from the surrounding rural areas.This will obviously depend on the types of products produced, their quality and cost and their competitiveness compared to products from other parts of the country (and elsewhere). The development of the local urban economy may also lead to a reduction in rural-urban migration to the big urban centres and the city and redirect migration flows to smaller urban centres. This in the long run led to sustainable development in both the rural and urban areas. Conclusion and RecommendationsFrom the above discusions, it can be observe that there is growing interdependence of urban and rural areas that reduces the significance of the rural-urban distinction. The flow of people, capital, goods, services and ideas between urban and rural areas, made possible by improvements and cost reductions in communication and transport, is reinforcing the existing rural-urban linkages and more than ever con ditions and developments in the urban areas have an impact on the rural areas and vice versa.Rural residents adopt urban lifestyles and occupations small settlements require urban infrastructure and services residents of rural areas commute between rural and urban areas industries move to rural areas urban waste pollutes natural resources in the rural areas and agriculture in urban areas is becoming important for both economic and environmental reasons. It is, therefore, an anachronism that governments still design policies and programmes that are focused either on urban or on rural areas, but rarely on both.Rural and urban communities need to have an interest in each others conditions, and policy-makers need to consider these when formulating policies and programmes for sustainable rural development. Coordination of decision-making and cooperation between authorities of urban areas and their surrounding rural areas are critical to ensure that the development of urban areas and rura l areas support each other. However, the continuing integration of rural and urban areas requires more than simply coordination and cooperation, it requires planning that incorporates rural and urban development.Such regional planning should not be an urban-centred exercise as it often has been in the past. Rural and urban areas need each other and each can benefit when the others needs are met. Backward linkages and forward linkages between agricultural production and industry and services can foster positive rural-urban interactions and a virtuous circle of development. However, policies that encourage such mutually reinforcing linkages need to overcome the traditional insulation between rural and urban planners. They also need to avoid generalizations and be grounded in the specifics of the regional context (Tacoli, 1998 13).

3M Case Study

3M CASE STUDY Q1) Conservative Approach Three Product Concepts * Mandate from management * Should not risk advanced process Dunlop may habituate revolution against new method * Need to validate method at least once before basing major strategic decisions on it. * Not enough info yet to make such a drastic recommendation * Three concepts appear very promising and argon enough of a success already. Radical Approach New Business Unit Strategy * Team was charged with attaining breakthroughs Medical-Surgical business unavoidablenesss harvest-time * Team is empowered and should report all relevant information. Fits the defiant 3M culture * Fits 3Ms new strategic mission even though Dunlop does not deal into it. Q2) Incrementalism worked well because it Has allowed for leveraging pre-existing product platforms such as Post-it notes and Scotch brand tape can reduce development costs while exploiting 3MS pre-existing marketing channels and relationship. . . . Q3) Traditional 3M Developm ent Process * Developers, in recent decades, lack direct contact with customers * Developers be not directly accountable for understanding customers needs. Marketing research is outsourced to third parties or thrown over the wall * Traditional methods are linear and tend to jump out primarily incremental innovations Lead User Research Process * Puts developers in direct contact with users * Focus on a few individuals (Lead Users and lead use experts) with extremely rich need and solution-specific information In lead user research, a considerable amount of time is spent in people networking in order to find the right lead users to work with, as opposed to traditional market research methods which only collect information from users who are at the center of the target market Developers learn from users outside traditional business focus * -picked up from a market that is either loosely related or even unrelated to the target market as in the case with the makeup artist they use in t he 3M lead user research collection * Pushes developers toward leading edge with radical new concepts * Can be complement with traditional market research techniques (during validation) * Use traditional market research to prevent validity of research Lead users vs Leading-edge customersAs opposed to leading edge customers who provide need- related information, lead users provide need & solution information as they crap innovated themselves. In traditional methods, marketers only seek to identify the problem, not necessarily the solution Companies may carry out focus groups and analyze customer complaints to find the issues. Later product developers analyze this research and use their own ideas to find attainable solutions for a new product.Conversely, lead user research methods collect data on both the problem and the available solutions from markets that have similar needs. The development team then uses the ideas that were found in these markets and comes up with a set of pos sible new product ideas that suit the companys needs based on ideas from the lead users and expertise meeting a real customer need Lead users can be found in target or analogous markets. Lead use experts in a target market are often useful in identifying Q4)Stakeholders Incentives/Motives Methods Senior Management Financial results Demonstrate how breakthrough products can affect bottom line. Evidence from other firms. Allow ranking(prenominal) managers to take credit for new innovation strategy Middle Management Employee ProductivityMotivationProject performance Seminars, pilot studiesSenior management involvementRegular updates of progress ScientistsEngineers Ease or workEmpowermentFlexibilityInteresting work interaction with previous usersShare excitement and praise efforts. Trust them.

The incidences of alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence

The incidences of alcoholic crapulence ab drop and alcohol habituation seem to be extravagantlyer than anticipated. In alcohol dependence the problems seem to be more severe than alcohol do by. Family history does seem to play an important role in the initiation and progression of alcohol use, along with external factors. In Western Countries, the incidences of alcohol consumption are higher due to the cultural implications.In these cultures, alcohol use in fact begins during the teenage period. The incidences of alcohol related problems live reduced over the past few decades in the US, due to increased awareness levels. The incidences of alcohol abuse and alcohol dependences are higher in males than females, although females develop it more easily than males. Alcohol consumption was higher in the Europeans than the American and other communities.During the charge of alcohol-related disorders, alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence has to be differentiated properly using the DSM -IV-TR criteria. Treatment should be initiated after determining the needs of the individual. It would be lawful to provide counseling sessions and motivating the patient to become alcohol-free. Counseling and short-term administration of medications, play a real important role during treatment.Hospitalization may be required for a few days to help the individual refrain from the habit. The individual may develop certain symptoms while abstaining from alcohol initially which late reduce with m. The risk of relapses following treatment is very high. Hence, it would be advisable to keep a constant check on the individual.20 % of the individuals admitted in mental hospitals have suffered either alcohol abuse or alcohol dependence. It affects individuals from all socio-economic backgrounds.The prevalence of alcohol dependence in the US Colleges was 6%, and alcohol abuse was 20%. At least 15000 students die a year due to alcohol disorders. Alcohol dependence and alcohol abuse puts th e individual at a very high risk to develop depressive disorders, panic disorders, anxiety disorders, mood disorders, mania, schizophrenia, etc (Schuckit, M. A., 2005).Alcohol dependence is a condition in which the repeated presence of three out of 7 impairments, alcohol can have over life and normal functioning, during a 12-month period. The impairments of defects in functioning include tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, interference with normal functioning at school, workplace, home or in social setting, physical and psychological symptoms, etc (According to the DSM-IV-TR).There is a difference in withdrawal developing separately and that developing in linkup with dependence. Withdrawal symptoms that develop separately can follow a severe course. When withdrawal is present in relation to depression, a milder course is followed. Individuals without alcohol dependence may not be considered as alcohol abusers (Schuckit, M. A., 2005).In alcohol abuse, the individual may not be dependent on alcohol but develops a constant problem related to alcohol use during a 12-month period (such as legal, social, work-based and family problems, and using alcohol in dangerous environments). At least angiotensin-converting enzyme or two of the 4 areas are present in abuse (Schuckit, M. A., 2005).The DSM-IV-TR code for alcohol abuse is 305.00, and that of alcohol dependence is 303.90.The background characteristics of alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence remain the same that is a family history of alcohol misuse or dependence. It may be as high as 80 %. The ICD has offered an alternate classification of alcohol dependence. It suggests 3 out of 6 areas, in difference to the DSM-IV-TR classification of 3 out of 7 areas (Schuckit, M. A., 2005).The prevalence of drinking is comparatively high in America, and around 90% of the population drink. They usually start during early or mid-teens. About 80% of the people drink when they complete high school. About 60% go to the extent of into xicating themselves with alcohol. On an average, two out of three men drink in the US (Schuckit, M. A., 2005).Individuals who are meliorate and have a higher socio-economic background drink more frequently. Amongst religious groups, Jewish minorities consume the most, but do not develop alcohol dependence often.Conservative groups drink less compared to liberal groups. American-Indians drink more quantities of alcohol compared to other groups. Adults on an average consume about 2.2 gallons of absolute alcohol per annum. At the succession of American Revolution, this figure was as high as 5 gallons. During the 1970s, the figures significantly increased as trends were high and awareness was low.A study conducted to determine the long-term cause in about 500 middle-aged males demonstrated that one-fourth to one-third had alcohol-related problems. One-third drove under the influence of alcohol, and about one-fifth did not wait on to school due to frequent hangovers or disciplinary p roblems. However, studies have shown that people tend to learn something out of the less severe alcohol-related problems.Thus, the alcohol-related problems have reduced in the 30s, 40s and 50s age groups. The life time risk for alcohol dependence is 10 to 15% in males and about 3 to 5 % in females. Alcohol dependence usually develops in the age group of 20 to 40 years.Thy somehow tend to hold on to their jobs, family relations and social functioning. If alcohol dependence in teenagers is reported, the incidence of associated antisocial personality disorders is high. Sometimes alcohol dependence can begin late in life, and in such circumstances is associated with reduced social problems (Schuckit, M. A., 2005).Europeans consume the most amount of alcohol a year, especially the northern European countries. About 90% of the teenagers consume alcohol during their school days. This rate was much higher compared to the US. Most Europeans drink by the age of 12 or 13 years. In Denmark, the incidences of alcohol consumption were particularly high in female teenagers.The incidences of Binge drinking (drinking large amount of alcohol within a short period of time to the extent of intoxication) were high in the UK, Denmark and Ireland. The main reason for this was merry-making. The Irish tend to spend the most on drinking, with Denmark a distant second. Relatively, lower amounts of money were spend on alcohol by people belonging to Norway, Sweden, Finland and Iceland (Finfacts Ireland, 2007).Throughout history, alcohol has played a role in the economic, social, medicinal, cultural, religious and spiritual sectors of life. The nomadic Rechabites did not drink wine because they felt that it was associated with bad agricultural habits. Prophet Mohammed did not allow his devotees to consume alcohol.Ancient Egypt considered alcohol a source of energy and nutrients. In fact, their alcohol contained several(prenominal)(prenominal) nutritional supplements that helped to treat n utritional deficiency disorders. Alcohol has been employ by a medicine by several cultures. Several studies have demonstrated it kernel in lowering the incidences of coronary heart disorders, cancer and bone-degenerative disorders such as osteoporosis. It had also been during the early days of medicine to control pain during surgeries. Even today, several alternative forms of medicine use alcohol as a solvent in their medicinal preparations, and also as a painkiller. Alcohol is often utilized as a social lubricant, and can improve the taste and appetite for food. Many communities consider that alcohol should not be a problem because it has been misapply only by a small number of people. It was beneficial to greater numbers of the society (Hanson, D. J., 2005).

The Practice

Didnt recognize the entire word, but quickly started my research on it. I quickly disc all overed that post-part mothers ingest their own placenta. This slow growing phenomenon, amongst the new mothers who can stomach, is practiced by 99% of mammals, including humans.The practice of ingesting the placenta, which has been going on in Asian medicine for hundreds of years, seemed inappropriate, unnatural, and disgusting to me as discovered more about it. I dont think I stand alone when I phrase that my lack of knowledge on this topic may come as no surprise, since there could be millions of others who are also not educated on this topic. In our society, un slight the media presents topics to us, we almost have to be naturally curious or stumble upon things to find out the news of he world or things less commonly known to us regarding health and medical topics.The more grew in my knowledge of this practice, the more I discovered the ingestion of the mothers placenta could actually be g enuinely beneficial. Mothers across the world have been practicing this post-birth method for quicker healing from post-part depression, as well as its contribution to other great health benefits such as hormone boosting. While other countries are lacking in the times of placenta encapsulation, other entries such as Europe, the US. And Canada have been partaking in this health benefit to mothers for over a decade. The whole ideology of placenta encapsulation is to replace useful hormones lost during birthing the placenta, decreasing postpartum depression because of an iron-deficiency, promote healing and provide energy, controlling either postpartum bleeding, and promote milk production for successful breastfeeding. Each mother is as unique as the benefits she may experience from participating in placenta encapsulation.

Intense Personal Memories and Reflections

Intense personal memories and reflections abide always been an inspiration to poets. Explore this fancy with regards to the poesys that you have studied referring to tercet meters in detail and at least three poesys from your wider reading. The theme of reflections is something frequently explored in literature. It is truly a muscular force. It endure bestow courage, feelings of warmth, and even overwhelm you and this is exactly what the below six poets did by manipulating their personal and emotional reflections to generate an emotive impact on us by utilize a variety of literary devices to present to us a window into their departeds.Alice Walker (Poem at Thirty-Nine), U. A. Fanthorpe (Half past ii) and D. H. Lawrence (Piano) have all portrayed powerfulnessful emotional memories and reflections in their poems. Poem At Thirty-Nine was concerning a woman who learnt everything from her contract and desired to do the simple things he did during his life although she was ver y inside to acquire an education hence she could better herself in life. partner by Seamus Heaney was a poem that hitd to the admiration of their parent. Half-Past Two evaluated the predicament of a teenage boy in an after school punishment for Something Very Wrong solely he was instructed to remain in the schoolroom until half(prenominal)- past two scarce he did not understand the concept of duration. My Parents Kept Me from Children Who Were Rough by Stephen Spender evaluated a childhood problem similarly to Half-Past Two where in this case, the title is self-explanatory. Piano was a well-defined example of the author of the poem ruminating on his past life, just in particular, music of his childhood making him hark back to received events forcefully scarce he realised how much he has transformed and the memories made him crave to return to the past. Once Upon A Time by Gabriel Okara excessively was a poem where the adult wanted to return to the past but in this poem, it was not for a childhood remembrance but a note that was expelled from his mind during adulthood. D. H.Lawrences Piano was written in quatrains with 3 stanzas. The structure of 3 stanzas divided the poem into 3 different parts which made it organised and stanzas created a clear space in time. Through the usage of stanzas, the emotional contrasts between his dwelling in his childhood memories and the aftermath are much to a greater extent distinct and easier to apprehend. With the change from the second to the third stanza, the personas memories of delight were juxtaposed with reality settling in where Lawrences language now was in the present.The poet use several poetic devices but one that triumphs was his distinct word placement and perfectly placed linguistic communication and syllables. This portrayed the intensity of emotion in the poem since he knew the exact phrases and words to maximise the effect of presenting emotions in a sophisticated manner. A perfect example of this would be where alternatively of that saying acquittance back or train of thought he used vista of years. Another example of this specific word usage was when Lawrence used the phrase Till I see which communicated the message in a more than powerful manner than I remember. The poet chose a particular phrase because he wanted to communicate exact images and not leave a lot of room for assumption since just using I remember or going back could be a range of memories. He to a fault used phrases such as A child to refer to himself and he referred to his mother as A mother which made the poem impersonal but it was an attempt to make him detached from the memories and as if he almost didnt distinguish his past self, seeing that he has changed so much. Lawrence utilised a variety of poetic devices such as sibilance, onomatopoeia and what I rally to be his most effective and successful, his selective diction.The poet has effectively established an enthralling atmosphere for the poe m by using sibilance. He used sibilance not just for an atmosphere creation but to provide a sinister and harsh tone to a line In anguish of myself, the insidious program line of song. That was also another precisely chosen phrase. in that location were many examples of sibilance such as Softly, in the dusk, a woman is singing to me and smiles as she sings, where the s sounds similar to that of a whisper which portrayed. Now the intensity of his memory but now its beginning to emotionally hurt him.Also when the poet asserted In spite of myself, he was forced to reckon these moments, he referred to his masculinity. The insidious mastery of song Betrays me back, tricked him into the nostalgia of childhood, it forced him to weep to belong, since he didnt want to revisit the past. He pulled himself out of recalling about the child he was with the phrase In spite of myself The poet used the words Sunday and at home which gave a sense of resting and peace but he used a contradictory metaphor, winter out-of-door which meant the harsh world outside his safe home.As that stanza continued, you saw the theme of safety and comfort continues where he said hymns in the cozy parlour. The hymns show that the family was a heartfelt family and a parlour was where the best things in the house were and where guests usually were so that also shows a close knitted family and the sense of security between the family members. The poet also used onomatopoeia in boom of the tingling strings and tinkling since boom and tinkling described their own sound.Lawrence used a musical term in the final stanza With the great black piano appassionato which enhanced the video on the reader. As the reader, appassionato was more impacting than loud since it was associated to music and it was more expressive. Appassionato added to the fact that to the characters music didnt matter anymore and that hed rather be with his mother. The singer, his mother, was trying in vain which and continued where the mother singing was hue and cry so she comprehended that he was beginning to lose attention but her attempts to retrieve his focus we futile.He because used the pejorative term, childish days which tended to suggests immaturity but the glamor of those days makes him long for it. Also this extract my manhood is cast/Down in the flood of remembrance shows that he wept same(p) a child for the past in that locationfore by his weeping the gap between child and man, sentiment and masculinity, and past and present is abridged. Personally, I think anyone abide relate to this poem because no matter who you are theres that one moment in childhood everyone longs to return to and just desire Lawrence, everyone sees it as a glamor. Once Upon A Time by Gabriel Okara is related to Piano because within the poem, there was the desire to return to the past but in this poem, it was a talk between a father and a son where the father was relating how actions of people were executed whe n he was young compared to the present and now the father (narrator) wished he could return to his original innocent state. Un kindred Piano, Once Upon A Time was a free verse poem.The first three stanzas have the same general conformation where Okara starts by narrating the past and explaining how things used to be, but then he tells the negative reality, making the tone of the poem very sinister and bitter by using phrases such as ice block cold eyes and shake hands without hearts, whereas in Piano there was a sinister undertone with the insidious sibilance. The mood of this poem for the majority of it was seriousness but at the ending, the mood changes to regret and you see how heartfelt the fathers desire to become like what he used to be. So show me, son, how to laugh show me how I used to laugh and smile once upon a time when I was like you. The repetition in that extract emphasised the genuineness of his regret. A simile that Okara used to express his regret was my teeth l ike a snakes bare fangs which shows who remorseful he feels by using a poisonous snake to represent his teeth. So we see that just as how Lawrence wants to return to his childhood for the memories, Okara wants to learn from his past by letting his son teach him how to show his true feelings again. Poem at Thirty-Nine by Alice Walker differs from Piano and Half-Past Two because it is a free verse poem. In free verse poems, you tend to get the memories that was most impacted on you so the reflection becomes more fascinating. Although this poem was written in free verse, there was still a distinct separation between the two sections of the poem. That was presented in the repetition of the phrase How I fall behind my father where the first time, it seemed like she was sighing of deliberation and remorse.This remorse can also be linked in with the phrase though many of my truths must have grieved him before the end. She now recognised that what she disclosed might have upset him but t he second time was with an exclamation mark, instead of a sigh, it appeared to be more like a wail. At this point she recalled and missed her father and the fun things about him. Finally there was the stanza that concludes poem which told us that she has become the woman that her father wanted her to be.Walker used simple language that was never overstated or simulated in any way so without the use of the extravagant words you can clearly perceive that this poem is coming from her heart. She used simple, short phrases and sentences such as Writing slips and deposit checks or readiness, writing, chopping wood which also gives you an impression of Walker attempting to communicate with the reader and not narrating a story. This is a significant contrast from the poem Piano because in piano, the entire poem was based on the perfect layout of words and syllables using complex vocabulary.This poem consisted of various literary devices such as similes, metaphors and the dominating symboli sm. One simile used in the poem was He cooked like a person dancing which contrasts with the proceeding line in a yoga meditation but nonetheless the dancing showed that the father enjoyed cooking but he seems concentrated and contented with his actions. An example of a metaphor in the poem was my brain light which was an usual combination of words but the light can be ascertained to either be free from care, worry or stress and even meditation.Then, there was the many examples of symbolism but I think the most obvious would be tossing this and that into the pot seasoning none of my life the same way twice this can be tacit where she was carefree and she has a lack of concern and attention to details. The seasoning would be a symbol of her daily activities. Another symbolic phrase would be cooking, writing, chopping wood, utter(a) into the fire. To me, I see those actions as symbols of independence where she was able to survive without relying on her parents. Chopping wood shows t hat shes not afraid of the gender boundary of the society then since women were looked down upon and they had shrimpy to no rights and it was the same for Black-Americans and Alice Walker had the privilege of being from both groups. She later became a racial and womens activist. You could say that she is a upstart woman, being able to be independent and fight for her beliefs. Any father would have grown to admire the woman she had become especially hers who had been a freed slave. Follower by Seamus Heaney was written in quatrains each of the six stanzas has four lines thus being a structured poem.This poem relates to Poem at Thirty-Nine because it focuses on admiration just like in Poem at Thirty-Nine The poem has multiple splits where particular stanzas focus on different people. Stanza one to three focuses on the expertise in the farm by his father. Evidence where this is clearly seen is The horse strained at his clicking tongue where you notice that with an effortless human r acquet and he controls the animals on the farm. A more obvious example was just the two word sentence An Expert which just states that he was excellent at what he did.Then stanzas four to six, Heaney talked about himself being a nuisance on the farm and what made this apparent was that Heaney begins to use the pronoun I. I stumbled / I was a nuisance, tripping, go where Heaney admits that he was, in fact, a nuisance, but there was a become at the end of the poem where But today It is my father who keeps stumbling Behind me, and allow for not go away. And this was the ultimate theme of the poem the relationship of the father and the son and how the role of being a farmer is reversed when you age.The mood of this poem was real not one of bitterness but love between the father and son although that word was never mentioned in the poem. There were similes, metaphors, oxymoron and onomatopoeia used in this poem. His shoulders globed like a full sail strung This simile stressed how Heaney admired his fathers strength. The sweating team turned round This was a metaphor for the father controlling his sons future. One of the oxymoron examples were Polished sod which highlights that you cannot have smooth mud, so Heaney cannot follow.Onomatopoeia Dipping and rising to his plod accentuated Heaney as a young boy following his father, and also his fathers farming, the movement of the horse-plough. Reading this poem, people can relate to this poem because in everyones life, you in the end move up in life from the nuisance to the one who actually does the work and the same people who thought you were the nuisance to them, you now think they hinder you. Half-Past Two by U. A. Fanthorpe is a structured poem where each stanza has three lines each.The poem follows a chronological order where it began him in a schoolroom in his after school punishment and it follows the events like a time lapse until the teacher dismissed him but then you notice that the poem ends on a p hilosophical note. In the first stanza, we saw evidence of there being a contrast in age in the lines being communicate by a narrator in third person and in brackets, the narrator in first person narrative. We saw evidence of this throughout the poem. For example, He did Something Very Wrong (I forget what it was) Everything spoken by the first person narrator was written in brackets but when he was relating the past events he writes freely. When Fanthorpe was reflecting upon his young childhood he could not tell the time so time existed for him in personal interactions and it was important times such as Gettinguptime, Timeyouwereofftime, Timetogohometime, TVtime and the concept of the half past two was not understood by him. This poem, just like all the other poems, has a great amount of literary devices such as personification, repetition and oxymoron. One example of personification was where he attempted to comprehend the concept of time as a child and the personified the ti me he little eyes, the long legs for walking, but still he could not click its language which meant no matter how hard he tried to figure out the clock and how it works, all his attempts were unsuccessful. In stanza seven, he is in a moment of isolation Out of reach from all timefors and away from the impact of time Hed escaped time for ever which is comprehended as his escape from the world of time and in a fairy tale world where time has no existence. The poem from this point begins to slow down and becomes hypnotic where he was realising the routine of his life and how monotonous it was.It was as if he was falling into a trance of his fifty-fifty daily life and this hypnotic stanza was achieved by the repetition of Into and we also see oxymoron where Fanthorpe says silent noise his hangnail made. Then we see where he snaps out of the trance, it was as if he was slotted back into time where he was back into teatime, Nexttime etc. When the teacher said I forgot all about you, the incident the child saw as being Something Very Wrong and wicked as of little importance to the teacher. These time words increase the tempo of the poem like if it was back into the profligate lane of life.The language of the poem now becomes more adult so it could possibly be when Fanthorpe has just got himself out of his reflections and back to present. Fanthorpe uses phrases such as Clockless primer coat forever which refers back to a fairy tale where time does not exist and he not knowing time, allowed him just to live without fear of time being over. He also uses the word Forever which links back to into ever, a place where time was infinite and does not exist or cannot be measured. The poem ends from instead of being just a reflection Fanthorpe personified ime time hides tick-less postponement to be born which can be comprehended as waiting for tome to be discovered as a concept which controls our life. This poem made me and I can assure anyone who is reading Half-Past Two they will realise, just like how I have, the extent of how these time periods control our life and without it, the world will either go into complete peace since it will be peaceful and there will be no need to rush or it would be a catastrophe where to world goes into uproar since people depend and base their lives on this concept of time. My Parents Who Kept Me from Children Who Were Rough by Stephen Spender was a poem about a child who was protected from the outside world by his parents and the blustery children who roamed the streets. Spenders poem was divided into three verses of equal length, though the verse division seems more of a visual device than anything else. The lines are roughly the same length and have an irregular rhythm. It was similar to the poem Half-Past Two since it also involved a childhood predicament but in this poem, the parents assisted the child to repress any severe danger to their son.Spender uses the pronoun I which makes the poem personal and you clearly see that Spender was reflecting on his own personal encounters. The poetic devices that I discovered in this poem were alliteration, similes and enjambment on the first line of the poem. Alliteration was seen in climbing cliffs and the simile was seen like dogs to bark at our world which can be understood as people who attacked other peoples lives. In those poems, each and every one, reflections are a major part to the poets influence for the masterpieces of work. Poem at Thirty-Nine and Follower we saw pure admiration and love pour out of those poems, even though some might be hampered in the sombreness and remorse, the sensation of awe to the poets parents was still present. Piano shows its power to overwhelm a fully grown man and drive him to the point of tears. Half-Past Two was one of those awful poems where if you begin to imagine what would it be like and your imagination just runs wild. Once Upon A Time is another fantastic and usual piece of poetry where inst ead of having a child admire a father Okara did the opposite and have the parent running to the child for wisdom which is a notable ironic twist that was very uncommon. My Parents Kept Me from Children Who Were Rough is one of those stories where there is just nonstop bullying and you think the person being bullied would never recover, in this poem we actually see the poet forgive his enemies which now makes me admire him for that bold move although the street children never paid any attention to him.Personally I believe in the power of memory. Through recollecting the past and reflecting upon it, I see what I can do to improve myself and be a better person. With it you can become happy but yet be pained by it and I have my regrets but those memories hurt, keep me awake at night and cause fits of depression. It is a conventionalism part of life. Live with it, do not seek to dwell in the past and create more memories worth remembering.

Google in China

Google entered mainland China in 2006 with high hopes of taking over the Chinese internet market. In order to become a major player for internet search engines in China, however, they had buckled and filtered search results according to the Chinese government. When Google. cn was launched, a loud public outcry over its giving in to the Chinese government on censoring and filtering search engine results, the company faced a communications crisis. Since Google had al counselings been known for its free thinking, this seemed a colossal contradiction. From a communications standpoint, Googles greatest vulnerability in this crisis lay with a tarnished public image.Since the companys inception, Google had enjoyed a reputation for ingenuity and creativity. Google had changed the way people use and search on the internet that was free from pop up advertisements and organized information. They promoted different and radical ideas for development in the workplace to sustain the creative atmo sphere at the Googleplex in California. The corporate public image is the sum total of perceptions of the corporations personality characteristics. (Spector, 1961 p. 47) Googles had an outstand public image evidenced by the fact that it was one of the most popular search engines in the world.When Google decided to enter the Chinese market, the company was forced by the Chinese government to confabulate self-censorship if they were to operate within the boundaries of China. Though executives disagreed with censoring, they grudgingly agreed that this is the ethical price they have to pay to place servers in mainland China. (2006 Jan) If an internet search engine did not filter search results, the government would use its own, which highly slowed down the rate at which the servers could process the request. The filtered results would remove any reference to a number of subjects. This insurance in China did not align itself with the public image that Google had established and sought to maintain. This new policy brought about harsh criticism, Googles statements about respecting online privateness are at the height of hypocrisy in view of its strategy in China, said groups like the RWB in January of 2006. Googles policy of self-censorship in China did not sit well with the public or human rights organizations. Though Google seemed to promote free-thinking and free speech on one hand, they were censoring and filtering with the other.Google bewildered credibility with the public, thus tarnishing its public image and loosing 1% of the U. S. market in one month, as reported in The Business. (2006, Aug) Image credibility is based on the constituencys perception of the organization (Argenti, 2009, p. 39). When the public image of a company has been compromised it can make a huge difference in determining the success or failure of the organization (Argenti, 2009, p. 40). When the public looses confidence in a company and what they stand for, they no longer wish to us e its product.In response, executives at Google essay to convince the public that they could handle the balancing act between censorship and providing information, and gain back public trust and confidence. Googles greatest vulnerability in the ordeal with China was damage done to its reputation because we should, as stated in the Bible, Earn a reputation for living well in idols eyes and the eyes of the people. (Proverbs 34) When running a company it is highly important to preserve good standing because when good will or trust is lacking, the organization will fail at achieving its objectives (Argenti, 2009, p. 40).

Green IT at City University †City Green Monitor

soakOne of the main possibilitys which maintain been employed by the City University inside the Information Technology (IT) part is that of the commons Monitor, where a computation fashion has been set up by a group of students aimed at recording data from an environmental perspective ( dark-green Dragons, 2014). This initiative is both effective forthwith and in the long run, with wider possible affairs in the future. This initiative is currently in its infancy, with the wider use under analysis here, as to how it substructure cherish greens IT, going forward. The aim of this research is to develop this resource further and to create both policies and technology that will allow the IT department to hold in the unripened Initiative across the City University, as well as across other institutions.IntroductionThe get-go issue which unavoidably to be resolved in this proposal is what precisely is meant by Green IT and what the shock of Green IT initiatives trick be on a n organization or wider groups of schemes. In accordance with the line produced by the Chartered Institute for IT, BCS (O,Neill, 2010) states thatGreen IT is a collection of strategic and tactical initiatives that directly reduces the carbon footprint of an organisations computing operating theatre However, Green IT is not just foc utilise on reducing the concern of the ICT industry. It is also focused on using the services of ICT to help reduce the organisations overall carbon footprintThis basic definition presents some interesting points of discussion, ahead going on to mien at the precise reputation of the work being undertaken here. Firstly, the issue of Green IT is thought to be linked to the workings of organisations and not to individuals themselves. This raises an distinguished question from the outset focussing on an organisation may be a false approach due to the fact that so m each devices are now used by individuals and not as part of an organisation at all. Se condly, there is the notion that strategic and tactical initiatives may refer to a different approach to the strategies that may be seen as relevant for Green organisations, much(prenominal) as Greenpeace, thus creating a disparity in the overall objectives to be pursued. Finally, it is also noteworthy in this definition that IT itself posterior be seen as a positive step towards environmental management, with factors such as the ability to work from home reducing travel emissions. This potential arrive at of IT is not to be ignored and should be considered alongside the environmental costs. Moreover, ONeill hence goes on to argue that it is also necessary to look at the altogether process of IT, including the manufacturing, transportation and disposal, not simply at the emissions and consumption when the item is operative.For the purposes of this research and in looking at the cranial orbits of Green IT projects within the City University, it is important to consider how th e success or otherwise of the initiative may be judged. Bearing in sound judgement the aforementioned discrepancy between strategy and tactical initiatives that may be pursued by the Chartered Institute of IT and the approach taken by environmental groups there is an immediate difficulty in producing a coherent plan for providing Green IT. In accordance with the BCS and the work by ONeill, Green IT should be focussing on some key areas.Firstly, he argues that the area of Green IT should look at changing the ethos and culture within an organisation, so as to make sure that the corporate agenda of a conjunction or organisation is reflective of the Green IT aim. As part of this, there should be initiatives in personate to ensure that teams and individuals are able to enact Green IT initiatives that are formal by the wider group. In addition, Green IT practices should be built into the wider organisational goals and processes, so that the infrastructure is purchased with Green IT in mind. By contrast, Greenpeace looks at Green IT as a means of pulling together energy efficiency and renewable energy, which is a somewhat different approach from that taken by the organisational strategy. In reality, and for the purposes of this analysis, a combined definition is to be pursued, with the suggested definition of Green IT being a set of realistic and practical measures which tush ensure that IT is developed in such a way that is sustainable, energy efficient and friendly to the environment. It is this definition that will be considered for the purposes of the project being undertaken here.1.1The Project at City UniversityMonitoring devices created as part of this initiative are used in give to calculate the CO? emissions within the style itself. Using this reading, energy consumption can so be as receiveded. The aim of this initiative is to ensure that the students and staff across the University understand the impact that each computing hour has on the environm ent. This is, therefore, an initiative aimed at better the environmental position in relation to the IT function and ground how simple actions such as shutting down the PC at the end of the day or turning down the brightness on a monitor can have an impact on the CO? emissions (Curry et al., 2012).Bearing in mind the previous analysis of what precisely is meant by Green IT, it can be seen that the initiative as it currently stands within the City University deals with a minimal area of Green IT initiatives and requirements. The broader Green IT initiate needs to consider more than just the monitoring of the CO? emissions of the IT department. That said, this starting point provides the entropy that is necessary in order to be able to further the initiative into a working and sustainable policy, in the future. This initiative is an information gathering initiative which allows the University and consequently wider organisations to monitor the impact of their behaviours, in such a way that may influence behaviours, in the future. This paper will look at the strategy and concepts associated with power management in Green IT, before thusly going on to consider the likely behaviours and changes that are going to ensue, as a result of this Green IT initiative and then to throw conclusions on the impact of the initiative as the final section of the report. government agency Management Concept within Green ITThe notion of Green IT was established comfortably by Murugesan, in 2008, stating that Green IT involves a wide range of activities, including designing, using and manufacturing not only the use of the computers, but also any trunks associated with the switch or purchase of such items, so that there is a minimal impact on the environment (Murugesan, 2008). Taking this on board alongside the anterior recognised area of Green IT, it can be argued that the issue of power management is a part of the overall objective which needs to be dealt with fully, befor e other aspects can be achieved. Without the knowledge that this type of monitoring produces, a wider IT strategy will equally not be possible. For physical exertion, if the research indicates that a certain type of screen is substantially better for the environment, then the next distributor point could be to roll out the provision of these screens across all departments within the University. at that place is a suggested indication from this perspective, that a monitoring initiative such as the one under discussion here is a suitable area for Green IT and arguably the crucial first step, as it is impossible to put in place alterments without understanding the changes and impacts, in the first place. A key strategy within this area of Green IT is to put in place approaches and processes that offer greater sustainability. For example, in this case, the use of remote monitors within the IT department could then be turn over out to tradition in any other department which uses IT, or any other item that could be used more effectively to purify sustainability. Information is the lifeblood of any future initiatives that can be established.It is further noted that, in any modern IT constitution, there is a mixture of technology, people, hardware and networks. Therefore, any area of Green IT needs to consider all of these factors for example, user behaviours and the broader impact on networks and hardware also need to be brought into the equation. Consider, for instance, the Advanced Configuration and indicant Interface (ACPI) which is a standard used across the entire industry to allow the operation systems to change and control the way in which the power-saving aspects operate, so that the system to a certain extent manages itself (Therien, 2011). This can be done in an entirely automated way, or can allow users to set tolerated levels, for example, how long until a monitor goes onto energy saver. These strategies and approaches are critical to the monitor ing area, as this is ultimately the aim of monitoring, so that changes can be put in place to improve overall sustainability.Possible Uses and RecommendationsHaving put in place monitoring through remote sensors, the IT department is now able to provide information to the next stage of the network, in order to develop mechanisms that will allow the IT itself to manage and improve the environmental impact that computers have. For example, it is shown that cathode-ray tube monitors use more power than slimmer LCD monitors and having an understanding of a link such as this allows the University (and other organisations) to make decisions at the purchasing stage that will impact on what happens in the longer run. Similarly, it is noted that LCD monitors will use a cold cathode fluorescent bulb as a ecumenical source of light, with some of the newer displays using different technologies, such as LEDs, to ensure that less electricity is used (Infoworld, 2009).Fundamentally, the aim of mo nitoring in this way is to ensure that there is a greater understanding obtained of the usage of electricity by simple activities, so that this can then be used firstly to influence user behaviours and secondly can then be used to develop technologies which will create automatic controls within the technology items themselves. The first element of this research policy is to understand what information has been gathered, before then formulating it in such a way that can produce clear policy guidelines for the University to then import into the wider policies and strategies which it is required to undertake, over a longer stop of time. Continuous data gathering and monitoring then allows for the company or organisation to establish and improve its policies, as and when required, and as part of continuous improvement. destructionIn conclusion, this report indicates that one relatively simple initiative of monitoring the electricity usage within an Information Systems laboratory can f ly the coop to information which is then vitally important across a wide range of departments. For example, understanding that a change in the technology of a monitor can reduce electricity usage and improve sustainability will then allow companies and organisations to change their choice of monitors, over a fulfilment of time, and to train users to amend their use of the monitors by reducing brightness, all of which will come together to improve Green IT across the campus. Future research in this area could then look at using the information gathered as a means of then developing a policy for the future BASED on the information rather than simply having the gathering of information as an agenda in its own right.ReferencesCurry, E., Guyon, B., Sheridan, C. and Donnellan, B. (2012) Developing a Sustainable IT Capability Lessons From Intels Journey. MIS every quarter Executive. 11(2). pp. 6174.Green Dragons (2014) City Green Monitor, open at http//www.green-dragons.co.uk/projects/ci tygreenmonitor/ Accessed 01/12/2014.InfoWorld (2009) Green IT. Available at http//www.infoworld.com/d/green-it/used-pc-strategy-passes-toxic-buck-300?_kip_ipx=1053322433-1267784052&_pxn=0Murugesan, S. (2008) Harnessing Green IT Principles and Practices, IEEE IT Professional, JanuaryFebruary, pp 24-33.ONeill, M. (2010) Green IT For Sustainable Business Practice, The Chartered Institute for IT.Therien, G (2011) ACPI 2.0 Specification Technical Review, Intel Developer Forum (ppt). Intel Corporation.Green IT at City University City Green MonitorAbstractOne of the main initiatives that have been employed by the City University within the Information Technology (IT) department is that of the Green Monitor where a computing room has been set up by a group of students aimed at recording data from an environmental perspective (Green Dragons, 2014). This initiative is both effective now and in the long run with wider possible uses in the future. This initiative is currently in its infancy wi th the wider use under analysis here as to how it can foster green IT going forward.IntroductionMonitoring devices created as part of this initiative are used in order to calculate the CO2 emissions within the room itself, and then, using this information, energy consumption can then be ascertained. The aim of this initiative is to ensure that the students and staff across the University understand the impact that each computing hour has on the environment. This is therefore an initiative aimed at improving the environmental position in relation to the IT function and understanding how simple actions such as shutting down the PC at the end of the day or turning down the brightness on a monitor can have an impact on the CO2 emission (Curry et al 2012).This initiative is an information gathering initiative that allows the University and then wider organisations to monitor the impact of their behaviours in such a way that may influence behaviours in the future. This paper will look at the strategy and concepts associated with power management in green IT before then going on to look at the likely behaviours and changes that are going to ensue as a result of this green IT initiative and then to draw conclusions on the impact of the initiative as the final section of the report.Power Management Concept within Green ITThe notion of Green IT was established substantially by Murugesan in 2008 stating that Green IT involves a wide range of activities including designing, using and manufacturing not only the use of the computers but also any systems associated with the renewal or purchase of such items so that there is a minimal impact on the environment (Murugesan 2008).There is a suggested indication from this notion therefore that a monitoring initiative such as the one in discussion here is a suitable area of Green IT and arguably the crucial first step as it is impossible to put in place improvements without understanding the changes and impacts in the first place. A key strategy within this area of Green IT is to put in place approaches and processes that offer greater sustainability.. For example in this case the use of remote monitors within the IT department could then be furled out to usage in any other department that uses IT or any other item that could be used more effectively to improve sustainability.It is further noted that in a modern IT system there is a mixture of technology, people, hardware and networks. Therefore any area of Green IT needs to consider all of these factors, for example user behaviours the broader impact on networks and hardware need to also be considered.Consider for example the Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI) which is a standard used across the entire industry to allow the operation systems to change and control the way in which the power-saving aspects operate, so that the system to a certain extent manages itself (Therien, 2011). This can be done in an entirely automated way or can allow users to set tolerated levels for example how long until a monitor goes onto energy saver. These strategies and approaches are critical to the monitoring area as this is ultimately the aim of monitoring so that changes can be put in place to improve overall sustainability.Possible Uses and RecommendationsHaving put in place monitoring through remote sensors the IT department is now able to provide information to the next stage of the network to develop mechanisms that will allow the IT itself to manage and improve the environmental impact that computers have. For example it is shown that CRT monitors use more power than slimmer LCD monitors and having an understanding of links such as this allows the University (and other organisations) to make decisions at the purchasing stage that will impact on what happens in the longer run. Similarly it is noted that LCD monitors will use a cold cathode fluorescent bulb as a general source of light with some of the newer displays using differe nt technologies such as LEDs to ensure that less electricity is used (Infoworld 2009).Fundamentally the aim of monitoring in this way is to ensure that there is a greater understanding obtained of the usage of electricity by simple activities so that this can then be used to firstly influence user behaviours and secondly can then be used to develop technologies that will create automatic controls within the technology items itself. culminationIn summary this report indicates that one relatively simple initiative of monitoring the electricity usage within an Information Systems laboratory can lead to information which is then vitally important across a wide range of departments. For example understanding that a change in the technology of a monitor can reduce electricity usage and improve sustainability will then allow companies and organisations to change their choice of monitor over a period of time and to train users to amend their use of the monitors by reducing brightness, all o f which will come together to improve Green IT across the campus.ReferencesCurry, E., Guyon, B, Sheridan, C and Donnellan, B (2012) Developing a Sustainable IT Capability Lessons From Intels Journey, MIS Quarterly Executive, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 6174.Green Dragons (2014) City Green Monitor, Available at http//www.green-dragons.co.uk/projects/citygreenmonitor/InfoWorld (2009) Green IT. Available at http//www.infoworld.com/d/green-it/used-pc-strategy-passes-toxic-buck-300?_kip_ipx=1053322433-1267784052&_pxn=0Murugesan, S (2008) Harnessing Green IT Principles and Practices, IEEE IT Professional, JanuaryFebruary, pp 24-33Therien, G (2011) ACPI 2.0 Specification Technical Review, Intel Developer Forum (ppt). Intel Corporation.

Common Core Standards Essay

Much like the runways of Paris with its changing fashion trends, the world of education follows trends as well. Educators move when they hear No Child Left Behind some ten years beyond its advent. Now, the phrases commonplace onus and Student Learning Objectives defy teachers seeing red. However, despite the latest and greatest trends to boost nurture-age child achievement, the very aforementi one(a)d(prenominal) students in the linked States continue to underperform on a global collection plate in Mathematics. In 2012, the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) bore out results that 29 nations and jurisdictions outperformed the United States by a statistically signifi ignoret margin, (Heiten, 2013). In stray for our students to rise to a position laid-back on the performance scale of nations, students must cover the bases in all subjects, but more specifically in the area of Mathematics.In an effort to develop students with a deeper understanding of numer ical and nomenclature and reading concepts, forty- quin states (my home state of Maryland being one of them) and the District of Columbia have adopted the Common content monetary standards, a system of expected benchmarks for students in signs K-12. According to the Common Core State Standards Initiative website, the standards define the knowledge and skills students should have within their K-12 education careers so that they will alumnus high work able to succeed in entry- take aim, credit-bearing academic college courses and in workforce training programs, (Common Core State Standards Initiative, 2014). The local statistics mirror the national data.Both present conditions which are symptomatic of a larger systemic problem American students are not get the hang mathematical concepts at any level. The eruditeness environment is a 4th grade inclusion schoolroom in a neighborhood school in the suburban Washington, D.C. (Maryland) area. Students in the class are differentl y abled. The class has students with Individualized Learning Plans (IEP) to intromit varying needs from Aspergers Syndrome to mild intellectual disabilities. thither are withal students who have been tried and true and identified as Talented and Gifted (TAG), as well as on grade level learners. Students are taught in full group, differentiated small groups, and occasional pull out sessions with specialists. Current ConditionsThere are twenty-one students in the fourth grade inclusion classroom. All students took a standardize whole test in October 2013 that tested the Common Core Standards taught in the first quarter of the 2013-2014 school year. Of these, Standard 4.OA.B Find all factor pairs for a whole number in the range 1 coke. see that a whole number is a multiple of each of its factors. stop whether a given whole number in the range 1100 is a multiple of a given one-digit number.Determine whether a given whole number in the range 1100 is prime or composite, (Common Co re State Standards Initiative, 2014), only 20% scored at a level of proficient on standardized (MUST Test Result info, 2013). The lack of proficiency in this standard is symptomatic of the underlying condition I have encountered students have not yet mastered basic genesis facts. Without mastery of basic generation facts 0-12, students are unable to manipulate and perform operations on fractions and decimals and subsequent pre-algebra concepts in the latter half of fourth grade and continuing into following grades through high school.Desired ConditionsThe online conditions for the fourth grade class is at 20% of students who have performed at a proficient level of mastery in basic mathematical facts. This is equivalent to a grade of 80%, or a B, in traditional role and letter grading systems used in the US. The desired state of performance is the inverse of the current statistics 80% should have mastery at a level of proficient or in advance(p) and 20% performing at minimal or below grade level standards. After get the hang basic facts, students will be able to not only identify multiples and factors of numbers 1-100, they will also be able to perform operations on fractions and later, algebraic statements. Data Collection ProcessesDiscussion of Data Collection InstrumentsThe designer developed a survey for teachers of grades three through five in order to help determine where problems or areas of deficiency are in current math. The first two questions asked the percentage of their students who are presently proficient in accuracy and automaticity in multiplication facts. In other questions, respondents invest their responses using a Likert Scale,which helped to identify their view on the necessity of students mastering basic multiplication facts currently in order to develop a deeper understanding of current and future mathematical concepts. In the questionnaire, respondents were asked to rank what they believe to be their students biggest challeng es in mastering this specific standard. Questions also asked the extent to which computer aided guidance is used in helping aid in mastery of multiplication facts. In getting answers to these questions, I will use the data to identify several factors impact of teachers attitude toward remediating students in basic facts that should have been mastered in the previous grade, and time dedicated to takeion and practice in this particular standard. Discussion of Sources of DataSix intermediate elementary (grades three through five) classroom teachers who instruct students in mathematics answered the survey and questionnaire. Students of these teachers range from those with special needs, general education needs, and also students identified as Talented and Gifted (TAG). Data Gathered Through Other SourcesQuantitative data was gathered from the Prince Georges County Public Schools Mandatory Unit Systems Test (MUST) in Mathematics administered countywide to fourth grade students in 146 e lementary schools. Specific data used in this needs analysis was limited to one fourth grade inclusion classroom, Lake Arbor Elementary, where the designer is the teacher. The designer collected further quantitative data from the same inclusion class on timed multiplication tests where twenty-two students answered 100 multiplication facts (0-12) problems in five minutes.Data Analysis Techniques UsedThe survey and questionnaire were designed to gather data that would substantiate the need for students to master basic multiplication skills in intermediate elementary grades. The survey was used to gather both qualitative and quantitative data based on teachers giving percentage results of students current level of performance. Teachers also stratified what they believed would improve their teaching of mathematics in the classroom. The questionnaire was designed to gather data on teachersattitudes of the importance of student mastery of basic multiplication facts. The questionnaire als o served as a tool to gain input on the challenges the believe limit their students from performing on grade level in mathematics, particularly in mastering basic multiplication facts. Finally, teachers were given the opportunity to answer an open-ended question, which gauged their attitude toward the importance of mastery of basic multiplication facts in the modern world and classroom.Results of AnalysisQuestion one of the survey asked what percentage of your students can answer basic multiplication facts with accuracy on most occasions.Findings of Needs AnalysisWhile a majority of respondents determined mastery of basic multiplication facts as essential for success in their current grade, it is of note that two teachers said mastery of basic facts are desirable, but not as most-valuable as in past year. This information would indicate teachers attitudes are moving away memorization of facts, by chance due to thewidespread availability of technological applications that students can or will use in the classroom and later in life. The attitude towards the lowering of importance of rote memory skills for facts reflects the larger societal dependence on technology. Applications on smartphones and mobile devices are becoming increasingly used in place of amiable math and are utilized both by the current generation of students in elementary school now, but also by the newer generation of teachers who instruct them.To further deepen the understanding of the philosophical deliver in importance of memorization of multiplication facts, teachers were asked if they administered timed multiplication tests in their classroom. Furthermore, teachers were asked if they encourage an atmosphere of rubicund competition for mastery of the facts amongst their students. While all six respondents reported that they do administer timed multiplication tests, only one teacher stated that there was an atmosphere of healthy competition amongst her students where they challenge one another to higher levels of performance.The information suggests that while teachers are still administering the tests as part of regular instruction, the instructors attitude of the importance of them as a way to aid in student mastery of facts is evidenced in the lack of encouragement by both teacher and students to achieve at higher levels. Finally in the questionnaire, teachers were asked to rank factors they believe to be the biggest challenge(s) their students face that prevent them from performing on grade level in their current math instruction. The two most common responses amongst all respondents cited both a lack of confirm from parents in practice of math facts and a lack of basic understanding and mastery of basic mathematical facts from addition and subtraction up to division and multiplication as the biggest barriers to student success. Goal of Instruction presumptuousness practice in automaticity and accuracy, fourth grade students will be able to independently comp lete 100 multiplication problems of basic facts 0-12 in five minutes time with an increase in automaticity and accuracy of 50% over a ten-week period as measured by a pre-test and post-test assessments. Having this knowledge will enable students to manipulate and perform operations on fractions and mixed numbers, as well as deepen their knowledge of factors and multiples for future instruction.