Monday, February 24, 2020

History of visual communication (graphic design) Essay

History of visual communication (graphic design) - Essay Example The development of visual communication did not originate from the WIMP (Windows Icon Mouse Pointer) interface which is most commonly seen system for controlling computers. Rather, the origins of the communication style come from cave paintings and drawing made in prehistoric times where certain ideas and concepts had been shared by the original dwellers of the caves to individuals who came after them. Even though the people who inhabited the caves and we are separated by a few thousand years we can still understand the basic message which is being conveyed by the image (Solymar, 1999). The message and pictures themselves become complicated as time goes by and the hieroglyphics of ancient Egypt contain pictographic writings on the walls of the monuments they created to the clay tablets used for record keeping. In time, the medium changed along with the form of the message and things like animal skins, bone fragments, vellum, tree bark and papyrus began to be used as means for recording information. Even though the ancients had refined paper to a great extent, they did not have the ability to duplicate the same information hundreds of times with ease (Solymar, 1999). With the advent of Christianity, knowledge became a premium requirement for many people and the demand for documents that contained religious information was increased. Books and notes were copied in hand with a significant amount of labor involved in the process but that labor could be carried out by anyone even if they were illiterate as long as they could see and copy characters. On the other hand, it was far easier to transfer knowledge through visual images and the use of color in various pictures that explain certain stories (Ivins, 1969). The medieval ages perhaps represent the golden age of visual imagery since every image had several layers of meaning for the story connected to the image and even the individual colors of the persons portrayed in the pictures had one

Saturday, February 8, 2020

Medical microbiology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Medical microbiology - Assignment Example Some of them are insufficient media, bactericidal activity present in blood, amount of blood used for culturing, antibiotics occurrence, blood collection time. Most of bacterial cells of Salmonella serovar Typhi resides intracellulary in the patient’s blood. There is a need of reliable, rapid and sensitive methods for clinical detection of Salmonella serovar Typhi. Serological tests are available but its sensitivity and specificity is very low. The blood culture sensitivity is highest during the first week of illness but it then gradually decreases with advancement of illness. 45- 70% patients of typhoid fever can be identified through blood culturing. It depends upon the blood sample amount, bacteraemic level of Salmonella, culture medium type, length of incubation. Also the Salmonella bacteria presence in patient’s blood is very low, often below detection by blood culturing and even below detection by PCR. Difficulties become more due to limited amount of patient blood sample. Ox bile tryptone soy broth was used for blood culture; it allows blood cell lysis completely, which causes the release of intracellular bacteria. It does not inhibit the growth of Salmonella Typhi. From research it was found out that bacterial growth can be increased if blood culture media contains lyzing agents for blood cells. By performing various tests it was found out that 2.4% ox bile presence in blood culture will lyse blood cells within 1.5 hours so that the bacteria present intracellulary came out. Salmonella bacteria when kept in tryptone soya broth containing 2.4% ox bile for 3 hours will increase the amount of bacteria from 0.75 CFU per milliliter of blood. This level can be easily detectible by using regular PCR method. This blood culture PCR assay processing time is lesser than 8 hours as compared to conventional blood culture which may take 2 -5 days. Salmonella serovars patient’s blood or serum is also bactericidal