Essay on The Hays Code in Film Noir - 2003 Words

The Hays Code in Film Noir The Motion Picture Production Code, commonly known as the Hays Code, was adopted in March 1930, though it was not truly enforced until four years later in 1934. This set of rules had tremendously influenced the way Hollywood movies were made for a number of years. This code was based on the ethics and norms if that time. There were three main principals of the Hays Code. The first was no picture shall be produced that will lower the moral standard of those who see it. What was meant by this was that sympathy should not be portrayed towards crimes, wrongdoings, evil or sins. The second stated that only a correct standard of living could be presented that are only subject to the requirements of drama and†¦show more content†¦One of the main things they had to work around was that there could be no implicit sex between Brigid and Spade. This restriction has to do with the second application which regulates the presents of sex. It was required that the sanctity of the institutio n of marriage and the home should be upheld. Since the two were not married, the code restricted them from inferring that any sort of sex relationship was a common and an accepted practice. Spades relationship with Effie, his secretary, needed to be kept to a level that would not imply that he had any sort of sexual relationship with her as well. Although the Hays code acknowledges that adultery type situations are acceptable only if they are necessary to the plot material, it should in no way be explicitly treated, justified, or presented in an attractive way. All the regulations regarding sex in the Hays Code, made it extremely difficult for film noir since one of the main themes of film noir involves sexual motivation. In particular it held back the notorious femme fatale from exuding her sexually upon men with the intent of making her own personal gains. One of the staples of the film noir is the hardboiled detective that is utterly out of control in many aspects of his life. Several elements of Spade’s character had to be altered to meet the code consequently and ultimately weakened his character. His drinking had to be kept toShow MoreRelatedThe Skull Beneath the Skin Comparative Essay1598 Words   |  7 Pagesof each genre shift, new genres and sub-genres emerge and others are discontinued. Through my prescribed texts, Howard Hawks hardboiled film The Big Sleep (1946) and P.D. James Revenge Tragedy The Skull Beneath the Skin (1982), and related texts, Agatha Christies classic detective story Murder on the Orient Express (1933) and Ray Lawrences psychological film Lantana (2001), I will explore the morphing and changing of the crime fiction genre and its conventions to ((QUESTION)). This transformingRead MoreGangster Films In The 1920s1281 Words   |  6 Pagesrenegade. It was this romanticized idea that would come to serv e as an embodiment of society turning to the darker side. This idea would also take center stage on the silver screen with the emergence (and later alteration) of the gangster film. The gangster film would be continuously popular into the 1930s, reflecting the sentiments of society as the sunset on a golden age and faded into the dark night that was the Great Depression. However, it would also be during this decade that several crucialRead MoreClassicism and Modernism Essay2724 Words   |  11 Pageswas the golden-age of a new era of filmmaking. The films of that period went beyond the silent films being produced in the past. Diagetic sounds like dialogue and more advanced filmic techniques would push cinema to a new mode of filmmaking, that being classicism. The classical Hollywood structure was being developed in the past with silent films but it came to full fruition in the 30’s, where many filmmakers would produce feature-length films with fully developed storylines and the use of glamorousRead MoreAmerican Culture Between The 1920 S2083 Words   |  9 PagesKinetiscope in 1894, films have been reaching its way to the heart of American culture. Since the roaring twenties, where the United States began to see the first movie theaters to the 1960’s, where films are officially a source of leisure and escape from reality. Films influenced American culture between the 1920’s through 1960’s by becoming an increasingly popular form of leisure for years to come while causing scandals, riots, and movements about films or about the idea of films in general by displayingRead MoreGangster Films : The Most Complex Category Of Films1829 Words   |  8 PagesGangster films are the most complex category of films that mirror our views on the moral justice. Crime films centered on criminal activities such as hoodlums, alcohol during prohibition, bank robbery, and petty theft. Admittedly, the criminal activities that featured in the gangster films got executed against the laws, and they were carried out with no regard to the safety of human life. They evolve around gangsters who were motivated to seek power and wealth. The earliest gangster films in the UnitedRead MoreEssay about Film Analysis: Scarface vs. The Departed1962 Words   |  8 PagesThe gangster or mob film genre has captivated audiences for nearly one hundred years, dating back to the silent film era. Introduced through films such as The Musketeers of Pig Alley (1912) and Underworld (1927), the genre has become increasingly complex in its development, evidenced by the sophisticated narratives and advanced cinematographic techniques of more recent films such as Road to Perdition (2002) and The Departed (2006). 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ForRead MoreFrench Terms for Ib Sl French B8316 Words   |  34 Pagesgetting around Topic Area 2 Health and sport Sport, outdoor pursuits and healthy lifestyle Food and drink as aspects of culture and health Topic Area 3 Leisure and entertainment (includes online) Socialising, special occasions and festivals TV, films and music Topic Area 4 Travel and the wider world Holidays and exchanges Environmental, cultural and social issues Topic Area 5 Education and work School life in the UK and in the target language country or community Work experience, future study

The Sports Fans Of Portland - 1213 Words

Understanding the sport fans of Portland is a very important part area of having an NHL expansion team. This issue could potentially have a significant impact on people’s attitude towards an expansion team coming to Portland. We to gather the most information from the most important sources. The team representing the Portland NHL expansion team has a problem and that is they don’t understand who their fans are or could be. Our team wants to propose two ways to better understand potential fans and that is a detailed survey and an observational study done at both Portland Trailblazers and Portland Winterhawks games. The survey will consist of randomly selected residents of the city, it will be available online and on mobile devices, the†¦show more content†¦We will choose to do an online and mobile survey, these two types have a very small cost. The cost of getting a response is far less than the cost of administering a paper survey or phone survey, and the numb er of potential responses can be in the thousands, which would be most ideal. Surveys are very useful in describing the characteristics of a large population. A survey provides a broad capability, which ensures a more accurate sample to gather targeted results in which to draw conclusions and make important decisions about our NHL franchise. The anonymity of surveys allows respondents to answer with more candid and valid answers. To get the most accurate data, we need respondents to be as open and honest as possible with their answers, especially if it is clearly stated that survey answers will remain completely confidential. Secondly we want to do an observational study of the city. We will look into five ways to conduct an observational study; natural vs. contrived settings, disguised vs. non-disguised observation, human vs. mechanical observation, direct vs. indirect observation, and structured vs. non-structured (Parasuraman, 1991). We believe each of these five methods is essential to truly understand our fans and their behaviour. When looking into doing a natural type of observational research we are wanting to understand our fan in its natural habitat, or in the real life environment. This is

Martin Luther King Jr ] Essay Example For Students

Martin Luther King Jr ] Essay 9 A Discussion and Analysis Of some of his Contributions As Well as their Social, Political and Economic Impacts Since the Thirteen Colonies first united, the United States has had one of the strongest economies in the world. Over the years, many theorists have had varying opinions concerning the reason for this nations strong economic standing. One reason that has often been overlooked is that a great many of this nations workers have been influenced by the Protestant work ethic. The philosophy behind this work ethic has driven many workers to attain as much as possible at their jobs during their lifetimes. If one man were to be given credit for the development of the Protestant work ethic it would have to be Martin Luther. In the course of the next several pages this researcher will examine the ethic that has had such a great impact on the United States economy and on the economies of other nations. It has been suggested by such writers as Weber and Smith that the Protestant work ethic first developed around the word calling. Basically, this term has a religious connotation which is a task set by God. However, gradually this term was expanded to the point where it covered many of mans activities. During the Protestant Reformation, the term calling started to take on a new meaning. Fulfilling ones duty in worldly affairs became a task of extreme importance. gradually, fulfilling ones duty was not only important but it became the moral obligation of every individual (the highest form of moral activity). Before the Reformation, the Catholic Church did not believe that everyday world activities had a religious significance. As a result of Luther these world activities were quite important in adhering to Gods wishes. Rather than devote ones life to worshipping God through prayer, and instead of sacrificing all worldly goods to follow Christ, the Protestants believed that the task of every person is to fulfill (to the best of his/her ability) their tasks on earth. This unique conception of the word calling was developed by Luther during his first active decade as a reformer. At first he believed, like many other theologians, that everyday world activities were activities of the flesh. Although these activities were willed by God, they were nonetheless morally neutral. However, gradually Luther began to protest against the life of the monks. He criticized them as leading a life devoid of value as a means of justification before God, but he also looks upon its renunciation of the duties of this world as a product of selfishness, withdrawing from temporal obligations. This was in direct contrast to the everyday labors of man. These worldly activities were outward expressions of mans love for others and for God. Thus, according to Luther, the only way to live up to the expectations God has for us is to fulfill our worldly duties. A very important point that Luther makes in reference to callings is that each calling has the same worth in the eyes of God. The effect of the Reformation that was initiated by Luther was that worldly labor was given religious sanction. This stands opposed to the Catholic tradition which did not give such worldly matters any moral emphasis. Luther stated that people may attain salvation in any walk of life. it did not matter what a person did during their lifetime as long as they worked as hard as possible. In hard work and dedication to ones calling, salvation could be achieved. Before Luther professed these beliefs, people placed little emphasis on the daily tasks they had to complete. Jobs had little meaning except that they placed bread on the table to eat. However, with Luthers concept of the calling people now had a moral reasons to work as hard as they could. The jobs of people were given religious sanction and this lead to workers striving to attain more in their jobs. Thus, there can be no doubt that Luther changed the attitudes of people toward their roles in society. People placed a new emphasis on their work roles. .uec040bcdcd4cf8a73f1cc7bec1629917 , .uec040bcdcd4cf8a73f1cc7bec1629917 .postImageUrl , .uec040bcdcd4cf8a73f1cc7bec1629917 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uec040bcdcd4cf8a73f1cc7bec1629917 , .uec040bcdcd4cf8a73f1cc7bec1629917:hover , .uec040bcdcd4cf8a73f1cc7bec1629917:visited , .uec040bcdcd4cf8a73f1cc7bec1629917:active { border:0!important; } .uec040bcdcd4cf8a73f1cc7bec1629917 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uec040bcdcd4cf8a73f1cc7bec1629917 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uec040bcdcd4cf8a73f1cc7bec1629917:active , .uec040bcdcd4cf8a73f1cc7bec1629917:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uec040bcdcd4cf8a73f1cc7bec1629917 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uec040bcdcd4cf8a73f1cc7bec1629917 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uec040bcdcd4cf8a73f1cc7bec1629917 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uec040bcdcd4cf8a73f1cc7bec1629917 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uec040bcdcd4cf8a73f1cc7bec1629917:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uec040bcdcd4cf8a73f1cc7bec1629917 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uec040bcdcd4cf8a73f1cc7bec1629917 .uec040bcdcd4cf8a73f1cc7bec1629917-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uec040bcdcd4cf8a73f1cc7bec1629917:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hamlet10 Essay In the following pages the effect that this had on the economy will be examined. .

Abolish Capital Punishment Essay Example For Students

Abolish Capital Punishment Essay Capital PunishmentAfter centuries of nearly universal implementation, the death penaltyremains a deeply debated political issue. While one execution takes place, othermurders occur, and the question still stands: Will the death penalty safeguardsociety and deter murder, or will it not? The death penalty cannot be considereda proper economical and moral means of punishment to deter those who mightcommit capital offenses, or can it?In the past, capital punishment horrified people, which deterred themfrom committing crime. In England, the country from which the United Statesadopted the death penalty, the death penalty was imposed for a rather largenumber of offenses in an effort to discourage people from committing crimes. Methods of inflicting the death penalty have ranged From stoning in biblicaltimes, crucifixion under the Romans, beheading in France, to those used in theUnited States today: hanging, electrocution, gas chamber, firing squad, andlethal injection(Bedau 124). There were drastic penalties for such seriouscrimes as homicide. Execution was a suitable punishment for those times. Today,though, the law is not as strict. This leads potential criminals not to fear thedeath penalty because government today uses more humane methods of execution,rather than the brutal punishment that history portrayed. People who oppose the death penalty say that there is no evidence thatthe murder rate fluctuates according to the frequency with which the deathpenalty is used (Masur 153). It is more likely that the convict would beparoled instead of being executed because of the present practice of allowingunlimited appeals. Convicted criminals are not exposed to cruel punishment, butrather given a long waiting period. If the criminal is put to death, it isusually done as mercifully as possible. One problem with the death penalty, presently, is that crime is notdecreasing, but rather increasing. If capital punishment is supposed to detercrimes such as murder, it is not serving its purpose. Even philosophers, such asBeccaria, Voltaire, and Bentham of the Enlightenment Period, argued that thedeath penalty was needlessly cruel, overrated as a deterent, and occasionallyimposed in fatal error (Fogelson 89). Another problem with the death penalty is the enormous amount of moneybeing spent on implementation. It costs taxpayers millions of dollars more toexecute a criminal than to lock him up for life. The number of prisoners ondeath row has been steadily increasing and will soon meet all time highs. Thisfact brings up the question of economic feasibility of the implementation, aswell as the question of weather the death penalty is actually an effectivedeterrent to crime. Currently, Texas leads the nation in both death row population and inthe number of executions. Texas has 351 condemned men and 4 women awaitingsentence, and has had 46 executions since 1977. These prisoners spent an averageof eight years on death row and cost Texans an average of 2.3 million dollarsper case (Execution B8). The legal process a condemned prisoner goes throughis very lengthy and costly. A person is only given the death penalty for certain crimes in Texas. Adeath sentence is handed down if a person is convicted of the murder of a policeofficer or fireman, murder during certain felonies, murder for pay or reward,multiple murders, or murder during prison escape. Once a criminal has beensentenced, he or she can appeal the decision. In addition to the courts appeals, the cost of an average of $180,000per case, the $150,000 prison cost also escalates the economic burden to thestate. This cost does not include the $21,000 execution cost or the $19,500needed for extra security (Van den Haag 123). To have a death row prisoner meansthat the state must provide police, fire, and public safety protection. Theyalso require special housing units, extra guards, food, and around-the-clocksecurity (Van den Haag 123). .u7fd313d8f391f0fa9fe9018940395890 , .u7fd313d8f391f0fa9fe9018940395890 .postImageUrl , .u7fd313d8f391f0fa9fe9018940395890 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7fd313d8f391f0fa9fe9018940395890 , .u7fd313d8f391f0fa9fe9018940395890:hover , .u7fd313d8f391f0fa9fe9018940395890:visited , .u7fd313d8f391f0fa9fe9018940395890:active { border:0!important; } .u7fd313d8f391f0fa9fe9018940395890 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7fd313d8f391f0fa9fe9018940395890 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7fd313d8f391f0fa9fe9018940395890:active , .u7fd313d8f391f0fa9fe9018940395890:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7fd313d8f391f0fa9fe9018940395890 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7fd313d8f391f0fa9fe9018940395890 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7fd313d8f391f0fa9fe9018940395890 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7fd313d8f391f0fa9fe9018940395890 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7fd313d8f391f0fa9fe9018940395890:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7fd313d8f391f0fa9fe9018940395890 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7fd313d8f391f0fa9fe9018940395890 .u7fd313d8f391f0fa9fe9018940395890-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7fd313d8f391f0fa9fe9018940395890:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: It's Tough Being A Turtle EssayTo cut down costs, several alternatives to the death penalty have beendiscussed by public officials. One alternative is to sentence criminals to lifeimprison without possibility of parole instead of execution. Although this planwould save millions of dollars, it would create problems in the prison system. The end result would be killing each other and killing prison guards without thethreat of serious consequences (Execution B8). In the following interview with the U.S. Attorney, Demetrius Bevinsaide, some interesting responses were made:Q:What do you think about the death penalty?A:Depending on the circumstances of the crime, on some criminals it shouldbe enforced. On others, they should just get life in prison. Q:What do you think is the best method of execution?A:I think the best method is lethal injection. Is is the mo..st humane, andin my opinion, the least expensive. It involves much less preperation than theelectric chair, and it is safer and cleaner. Q:Do you have any suggestions for alternative solutions to the deathpenalty?A:Yes. Life in prison with absolutely no possibility of parole. The following is an interview with local attorney Chuck Hardy. Q:What do you think about the death penalty?A:I think it serves its purpose. I think it cuts down on crime, and frommy experience with the prisoners I have met, most if not all are scared of thelethal injection method used here in Texas. Q:What is the best method of execution?A:The electric chair. It is scarier than lethal injection because one mustfirst go through intense pain. With the lethal injection, one just goes to sleepand never wakes up. Q:Do you have any suggestions for alternative solutions to the deathpenalty. A:Doing hard time in a maximum security prison and never seeing the lightof day. In legal history there is a tendency to leave cruel executions behindand to humanize capital punishment by the pursuit of technical perfection(Bockle 43). The death penalty is a form of torture trying to be justified withadvanced technology. How does this form of torture differ from the torture thattakes place in Iran, Iraq, Ethiopia, South America, Guatemala, Bangladesh,Afganistan, and even Israel? (Bockle 4). The techniques in those countrieswould certainly be considered to go against human morality, but the end resultis the same, a man dies. In this country, the debate goes on as to weather ornot the death penalty is in fact going against human morality regardless of hoehumanly it is done. Some people turn to the Bible to determine what is right, but the Biblecan be interpreted as arguing either way. The Old Testament can be interpretedas arguing for the death penalty. This interpretation is formulated from thepassage in which God sentences Cain to walk the Earth without food or humancontact. Cain killed his brother Able, and therfore was punished by banishment. This type of punishment would be impossible to impose on an individual at thisday and age. Those for the death penalty justify the use of capital punishmentas a necessary for the preservation of the society of the twentieth century. The same Old Testament can be interpreted as against the death penalty. The quotation, Vengeance said the Lord, is mine, and if anyone kills Cain, itshall be taken on him sevenfold, is most accurately interpreted as anti-deathpenalty (Berns 11). This statement steers society into allowing God to take careof the sinful individual in His own manner. Cain was banished and considered anoutcast just as the prisoner is an outcast from society. Many questions have been raised as to the effectiveness of the deathpenalty, and whether it should still be used today. Everywhere in the UnitedStates the death penalty has been under fire. The awareness of the people andarguments made by lawmakers have led to an anti-death penalty sentiment in theUnited States. Arguments in favor of the death penalty, such as the punishmentfitting the crime and the effectiveness of capital punishment as a deterrentagainst crime, are made. These ideas are the basis for pro-death penalty viewsamong the population and court systems of America. .u13b1ea88f3d389eac7ad4ae85974ef0d , .u13b1ea88f3d389eac7ad4ae85974ef0d .postImageUrl , .u13b1ea88f3d389eac7ad4ae85974ef0d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u13b1ea88f3d389eac7ad4ae85974ef0d , .u13b1ea88f3d389eac7ad4ae85974ef0d:hover , .u13b1ea88f3d389eac7ad4ae85974ef0d:visited , .u13b1ea88f3d389eac7ad4ae85974ef0d:active { border:0!important; } .u13b1ea88f3d389eac7ad4ae85974ef0d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u13b1ea88f3d389eac7ad4ae85974ef0d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u13b1ea88f3d389eac7ad4ae85974ef0d:active , .u13b1ea88f3d389eac7ad4ae85974ef0d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u13b1ea88f3d389eac7ad4ae85974ef0d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u13b1ea88f3d389eac7ad4ae85974ef0d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u13b1ea88f3d389eac7ad4ae85974ef0d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u13b1ea88f3d389eac7ad4ae85974ef0d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u13b1ea88f3d389eac7ad4ae85974ef0d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u13b1ea88f3d389eac7ad4ae85974ef0d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u13b1ea88f3d389eac7ad4ae85974ef0d .u13b1ea88f3d389eac7ad4ae85974ef0d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u13b1ea88f3d389eac7ad4ae85974ef0d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Bluest Eye EssayImportant legal arguments against the death penalty are usually madefrom what is stated in the Constitution. Many people believe that the deathpenalty is unlawful because it violates the cruel and unusual punishment clausesunder the eighth and fourteenth amendments to the Constitution (Punishment 82). Another argument that the abolitionist group make is that the death penaltyviolates the discriminatory clause of the Constitution. Of all executions thattook place in the United States between 1930 and 1966, over half of those whodied were black (Punishment 2). The controversy over capital punishment began in the eighteenth centuryand continues today. Throughout the world innocent people are executed inseveral inhumane forms which the United States should not follow. Today thereexists a raging debate on wether the death penalty is economically, morally, andlegally justifiable, or still just cruel and inhumane. BIBLIOGRAPHYBedau, Hugo Adam. Capital Punishment. Colliers Encyclopedia. 1990. Berns, Walter. For Capital Punishment. New York: Basic Books, 1979. Bockle, Franz, and Jacques Pohier. The Death Penalty and Torture. New York: TheSeabury Press, 1979. Execution Costs an Average $2.3 Million in Texas. San Antonio Light. 9 Mar. 1992, B:8. Fogelson, Robert M. Criminal Justice in America. New York: ARNO Press, 1974. Masur, Louis P. Rites of Execution. New York: Oxford U.P., 1989. Van de Haag, Ernest. Punishment of Criminals. New York: Basic Books, 1975.